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  BBC 8 Aug 06
Tags record epic bird migration

The annual 40,000-mile trip by a species of sea bird around the Pacific Ocean is the longest migration recorded by electronic tracking, scientists say.

The sooty shearwaters' journey took them from breeding colonies in New Zealand to winter feeding sites in Japan, Alaska or California. Their migration path covered the whole of the Pacific region, taking about 200 days to complete, researchers found.

The study appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Between January and March 2005, 33 birds at two breeding colonies in New Zealand were fitted with tags weighing 6g, allowing researchers to track their journey.

In the autumn of that year, 20 of the tags were recovered when the birds returned to their burrows at the breeding grounds; 19 of the devices had successfully recorded the bird's movements. Data showed that some birds travelled up to 910km (565 miles) in a day, and dived to depths of 68m in their search for food.

Scott Shaffer, a research biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), and the paper's lead authors, said the data presented some surprising findings.

"The fact that the birds went to specific places in the northern Pacific and stayed there for the remainder of the migration, and then came back to New Zealand did surprise us. "Previous hypotheses had suggested the birds did a sweep of the North Pacific before heading back south," Dr Shaffer told BBC News.

The team found that the birds made a prolonged stopover at just one location in either Japan, Alaska or California. The data also confirmed the birds' migration path covered the whole of the Pacific region in a massive figure-of-eight pattern.

The researchers said this was likely to be a result of the birds using the global wind system and being influenced by the Coriolis Effect.

Indicators of change

Although the sooty shearwater global population is an estimated 20 million, Dr Shaffer says any marked decline in their number could prove to be a useful indicator of impacts of climate change or overfishing. "If you are travelling all that way, and if you get there and there is no food it is going to be very tough to recover and get back."

Previous studies had shown that the population of sooty shearwaters off the coast of California had declined dramatically. This was attributed to warming oceans which in turn had led to a fall in the amount of food for the birds.

These declines were also seen at the breeding colonies, Dr Shaffer added. "A bird that travels all that way is doing so with the idea that it knows that when it gets to those sites in the north there is going to be food. "If the climate is changing and food resources are falling, we could see the birds changing locations or see fewer and fewer birds returning because of the changing oceanic conditions," he suggested.

Future studies will hope to build up a better picture of the sea birds' migratory path, including whether individual birds are returning to the same winter location or choose a different site every year.

The research is part of a project called Tagging of Pacific Pelagics (TOPP) that is applying tags to 23 species of top predators in the Northern Pacific Ocean.

National Geographic 8 Aug 06
Longest Animal Migration Measured, Bird Flies 40,000 Miles a Year
John Roach for National Geographic News

Sooty shearwaters migrate nearly 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers) a year, flying from New Zealand to the North Pacific Ocean every summer in search of food, according to a new study. The extensive summer trek is the longest animal migration ever recorded electronically.

"It was really amazing to see the distance they were traveling," said Scott Shaffer, a research biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Shaffer and his colleagues tracked the birds between their breeding grounds in New Zealand and their seasonal feeding grounds off the coasts of California, Alaska, and Japan.

The birds leave New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere's winter—summer in the Northern Hemisphere—and take advantage of prevailing winds along different portions of their migration route.

When plotted on a map, their paths look like giant figure eights over the Pacific Ocean. Only the Arctic tern, which migrates between the Arctic and Antarctica, rivals the sooty shearwater in distance traveled in a single migration.

But the terns are too small to outfit with electronic tags, so the true distance they cover remains unknown, Shaffer says.

Conservation Implications

The 0.4-ounce (12-gram) tracking tags used on the shearwaters collected data on position, temperature, and dive depth for more than 200 days in 2005. Shaffer and his colleagues report the results in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"This paper is perfect," said Martin Wikelski, a biologist at Princeton University in New Jersey who studies the migrations of songbirds and insects. "It points the way this kind of research has to go in the future." The study is part of a project called Tagging of Pacific Pelagics, which is tracking 23 top ocean animal species in the North Pacific to better understand their environment.

According to Shaffer and his colleagues, understanding sooty shearwater migration may help researchers monitor the health of ocean ecosystems and the impacts of climate change.

For example, the shearwaters' food—fish, squid, and krill—are found in areas rich in microscopic plants called phytoplankton and other one-celled organisms that use sunlight to grow. Such organisms form the base of the ocean food chain.

Studies suggest that climate change could cause areas where these organisms grow to shift or decrease in size. "If climate change is affecting ocean productivity, and shearwaters are making long migrations to get to [these areas], it could have a large impact on the population," Shaffer said.

Without enough food to eat in the North Pacific, the birds would be unable to recover enough energy to successfully fly back to the Southern Hemisphere and breed. "And … on top of that, when the birds go to these places in the North Pacific, there's a potential for interaction with commercial fishing operations—getting entangled in drift nets. It's almost a double whammy," he added.

Several studies suggest that sooty shearwater populations have declined in recent years, both at their New Zealand breeding grounds and at their feeding grounds off the California coast, Shaffer and colleagues report.

"These trends were associated with increases in oceanic temperatures, which may have limited regional biological productivity [of plankton and other one-celled organisms]," they write in their study.

Migration Findings

According to the tracking data, the sooty shearwaters flew from their breeding grounds to just one of three wintering grounds in the North Pacific. They did not make a large sweep across the North Pacific, as an earlier study had suggested, Shaffer says.

"It makes far more sense," he said. "When they migrate to the North Pacific they molt, and when they molt, they can't fly as well." Molting is the process of replacing old feathers with new ones.

During the migration, the birds fly fastest over the equatorial region, at times traveling nearly 620 miles (1,000 kilometers) in a day. "It's pretty clear they're just trying to pass through the region on their way to better feeding grounds in the north," Shaffer said.

The timing and route of the northward trip varied among the birds, with different sootys crossing the Equator at different locations over the course of about a month.

The return trip, however, was remarkably synchronized. All the birds funneled through a narrow corridor and crossed the Equator within a ten-day period in early October. "That has implications for conservation down the road," Shaffer said.

For example, he says, the migratory flyway may require protection during certain times of the year to eliminate potential hazards to the shearwaters as they return to New Zealand. Shaffer and his colleagues redeployed the tags this year, some on the same birds. The researchers plan to recover the tags in October.

A comparison of the data from year to year will help the researchers answer many new questions, like whether the birds travel to different feeding areas depending on food availability or if they always return to the same place.

Wikelski, the Princeton University professor, said such studies will allow scientists to understand how migratory animals think.

For example, the sooty shearwater study connects the birds' migration patterns with food resources. "That means we get some glimpse into the animal mind—how it decides and what kind of knowledge it uses for these decisions," he said.
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